Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. A relatively abundant, soft, bluish-white, transition metal, cadmium is known to cause cancer and occurs with zinc ores. Cadmium is used largely in batteries and pigments, for example in plastic products.
Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, toxic, bluish-white bivalent metal. It is similar in many respects to zinc but reacts to form more complex compounds.
The most common oxidation state of cadmium is +2, though rare examples of +1 can be found
One particular isotope of cadmium, 113Cd, absorbs neutrons with very high probability if they have an energy below the cadmium cutoff and transmits them readily otherwise. The cadmium cutoff is about 0.5 eV. Neutrons with energy below the cutoff are deemed slow neutrons, distinguishing them from intermediate and fast neutrons.
Technical Data
Symbol |
Cd |
Density (25°C)/gcm-3 |
8.65 |
Atomic number |
48 |
Melting point /°C |
320.8 |
No. of naturally occurring isotopes |
8 |
Boiling point /°C |
765 |
Atomic weight |
112.41 |
ΔHfus/kJmol-1 |
6.4 (+/-0.2) |
Electronic configuration |
[Kr] 4d105s2 |
ΔHvap/kJmol-1 |
100.0 (+/-2.1) |
Ionization energy/kjmol-1 I |
876.5 |
ΔHf(monoatomic gas)/kJmol-1 |
111.9(+/-2.1) |
II |
1631 |
Eo(M2+(aq)+2e- →M(S))/V |
-0.403 |
III |
3644 |
Electrical resistivity |
|
Metal radius (12 coordinate)/pm |
151 |
(20°C)/ μohm cm |
7.5 |
Effective ionic radius/pm II |
95 |
Electronegativity χ |
1.7 |
Evaporation Techniques
Temperature (oC) @Vap. Pressure |
Techniques |
Remarks |
10-8 Torr |
10-6 Torr |
10-4 Torr |
Electron Beam |
Crucible |
Coil |
Boat |
64 |
120 |
180 |
Poor |
Al2O3 & Quartz |
- |
Tungsten, Niobium, Molybdenum & Tantalum |
Poisons vacuum systems, low sticking coefficient. |
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