Metals
- Elements List
- Aluminium, Al
- Antimony, Sb
- Arsenic, As
- Barium, Ba
- Beryllium, Be
- Bismuth, Bi
- Boron, B
- Cadmium, Cd
- Calcium, Ca
- Carbon, C (Graphite)
- Cerium, Ce
- Cesium, Cs
- Chromium, Cr
- Cobalt, Co
- Copper, Cu
- Dysprosium, Dy
- Erbium, Er
- Europium, Eu
- Gadolinium, Gd
- Gallium, Ga
- Germanium, Ge
- Gold, Au
- Hafnium, Hf
- Holmium, Ho
- Indium, In
- Iridium, Ir
- Iron, Fe
- Lanthanum, La
- Lead, Pb
- Lithium, Li
- Lutetium, Lu
- Magnesium, Mg
- Manganese, Mn
- Mercury, Hg
- Molybdenum, Mo
- Neodymium, Nd
- Nickel, Ni
- Niobium, Nb
- Osmium, Os
- Palladium, Pd
- Phosphorus, P
- Platinum, Pt
- Potassium, K
- Praseodymium, Pr
- Rhenium, Re
- Rhodium, Rh
- Rubidium, Rb
- Ruthenium, Ru
- Samarium, Sm
- Scandium, Sc
- Selenium, Se
- Silicon, Si
- Silver, Ag
- Sodium, Na
- Strontium, Sr
- Sulphur, S
- Tantalum, Ta
- Tellurium, Te
- Terbium, Tb
- Thallium, Tl
- Thorium, Th
- Thulium, Tm
- Tin, Sn
- Titanium, Ti
- Tungsten, W
- Vanadium, V
- Ytterbium, Yb
- Yttrium, Y
- Zinc, Zn
- Zirconium, Zr
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Thorium, Th
Description
Thorium is a chemical element with the symbol Th and atomic number 90. As a naturally occurring, slightly radioactive metal, it has been considered as an alternative nuclear fuel to uranium.
When pure, thorium is a silvery white metal that retains its luster for several months. However, when it is exposed to oxygen, thorium slowly tarnishes in air, becoming grey and eventually black. Thorium dioxide (ThO2), also called thoria, has the highest melting point of any oxide (3300°C). When heated in air, thorium metal turnings ignite and burn brilliantly with a white light.
Thorium has the largest liquid range of any element: 2946 K between the melting point and boiling point.
| Technical Data | ||||||||
| Symbol | Th | Density (25 C)/gcm-3 | 11.78 | |||||
| Atomic number | 90 | Melting point /°C | 1750 | |||||
| No. of naturally occurring isotopes | 1 | Boiling point /°C | 4850 | |||||
| Most common isotopes: mass no. | 232 | ΔHfus/kJmol-1 | 16.11 | |||||
| half-life | 1.40x 1010y(α) | ΔHvap/kJmol-1 | 513.7 | |||||
| Electronic configuration [Rn] plus | 6d27s2 | ΔHf(monoatomic gas)/kJmol-1 | 575 | |||||
| Metal radius (12-coordinate)/pm | 179 | Electrical resistivity (22°C)/μohm cm | 15.4 | |||||
| Ionic radius (6-coordinate)/pm IV | 94 | |||||||
| Evaporation Techniques | ||||||||
| Temperature (oC) @Vap. Pressure | Techniques | Remarks | ||||||
| 10-8 Torr | 10-6 Torr | 10-4 Torr | Electron Beam | Crucible | Coil | Boat | ||
| 1430 | 1660 | 1925 | Excellent | - | Tungsten | Molybdenum, Tungsten & Tantalum | Toxic, Radioactive Go to Evaporation Sources Page | |
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